自考英語(yǔ)(一)復(fù)習(xí)資料第八章(1)

    本課簡(jiǎn)介

　　技術(shù)是否也是一把雙刃劍，在給人們帶來(lái)幫助的同時(shí)也帶來(lái)了弊端？本課通過衛(wèi)星通訊的利弊昭示人們“明智”地運(yùn)用技術(shù)才能使我們走向成功。

　　衛(wèi)星、計(jì)算機(jī)和電視的三結(jié)合改變了人們的生活。衛(wèi)星被用來(lái)傳送電視節(jié)目、電話和印刷材料；衛(wèi)星被用于遠(yuǎn)程教育，使邊遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)的人們通過“空中教室”接受教育；衛(wèi)星被用來(lái)幫助生活在交通不便的偏僻地區(qū)的人們；衛(wèi)星使世界各地的人們便捷地獲取信息。然而侵犯隱私、使人與人之間疏于接觸交流等弊端也應(yīng)引起關(guān)注。

　　本課主要語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)

　　1.At the beginning of the twentieth century， there were four powerful means of transmitting and receiving information over long distances：…

　　本句中的beginning 是一個(gè)名詞，意思是“開始，開端”。如：
　　　　means在本句中的意思是“方法；工具”
　　by all means 盡一切辦法
　　live within/beyond one's means 量入（不量入）為出
　　a means to an end 達(dá)到目的的方法
　　by some means or other 用某種方法

　　2.By the middle of the century， both radio and television had become established means of transmitting sounds and pictures.

　　句中所用的過去完成時(shí)，表示過去某時(shí)前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況。該動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成，或者可能延續(xù)下去。用by引起的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)常與過去完成時(shí)連用。例如：

　　1） By the end of last June， they had visited 15 countries. （到去年六月底為止他們已經(jīng)訪問了15個(gè)國(guó)家。）

　　2）By the end of last year Henry had collected 1500 butterfly specimens. （到去年年底，亨利已經(jīng)采集了一千五百多個(gè)蝴蝶標(biāo)本。）

　　established在句中做形容詞，意思是“常規(guī)的”。這個(gè)詞還可解釋為“（被）設(shè)立的；確認(rèn)的；既定的；公認(rèn)的”。例如：

　　1）a newly established organization （新設(shè)的組織）
　　2） the established principles of international law （公認(rèn)的國(guó)際法準(zhǔn)則）
　　3）an established fact （既成事實(shí)）
　　4）an established custom （常規(guī)）

　　3.In order to transmit an event such as the Olympics Via satellite， television signals are first changed into radio waves，which are then sent from a station on earth to an orbiting satellite.

　　such as的后面既可以跟名詞也可以跟從句，意為“諸如…之類的”；“例如”或“像…這樣的人或事物”

　　which引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)非限定性的定語(yǔ)從句。非限定性定語(yǔ)從句在修飾人時(shí)用who， whom或whose， 在修飾物時(shí)用which.非限定性定語(yǔ)從句常用逗號(hào)與主句分開

　　非限定性定語(yǔ)從句也可用關(guān)系副詞where或when來(lái)引導(dǎo)。非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞可以是一個(gè)詞，也可以是前面主句中的一個(gè)短語(yǔ)、從句或前面整個(gè)句子，通常用關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)。

　　4.In theory， every person will have access to an unlimited amount of information.
　　in theory意為“從理論上來(lái)說；在理論上”，與其意思相反的詞組是in practice （在實(shí)踐中；實(shí)際上）。

　　have access to是一個(gè)很常用的詞組，意為“可接近，可進(jìn)入”，to是介詞，動(dòng)詞have也可用其他詞替換。如get，gain，give，win等。

　　information是一個(gè)不可數(shù)名詞，后面不可以加s，許多信息可以用a lot of information， a large amount of information， much information等表達(dá)。一條信息可以表達(dá)為a piece of information.

　　amount通常用在不可數(shù)名詞前面，如the amount of money； a considerable amount of prejudice （相當(dāng)大的偏見）。在復(fù)數(shù)名詞前面可用number，如the number of mistakes； the number of students

　　5.The satellite also demonstrated how it could provide help to people living in isolated areas where transportation is difficult.

　　how引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句。我們很熟悉的是that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，而且that常?？梢允÷浴Ｈ纾篧e must remember （that） things are easier said than done. （我們必須記住事情都是說起來(lái)容易，做起來(lái)難。）

　　用連接代詞或副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句我們也應(yīng)弄清楚。

　　provide是一個(gè)常用單詞，通?？梢杂腥缦掠梅ǎ簆rovide sth. to/for sb.； provide sb. with sth.； provide sb. sth.；provide that…，在前一個(gè)單元中，我們已對(duì)provide一詞有過講解

　　6.He was then able to follow the doctor's instructions on how to care for the patient.

　　句子中的on意思為“關(guān)于；有關(guān)”，可用about替換
　　care of 在句子中的意思是“照顧”，可用attend； look after替換。
　　care for 還可以解釋為“擔(dān)心”，“介意”，“愿意”，可用about替換for.
　　1）He doesn't care about/for his clothes. （他不講究衣著。）
　　2）The old lady cared much for her daughter's safety. （老太太非常為女兒的安全擔(dān)心。

　  7.The most common use of telecommunication satellites，however，has been for transmitting telephone calls.however

　　在本句中做副詞用，意思相當(dāng)于but.但是however和but在用法上是有差異的。however不放在句首或句末時(shí)，前后通常都加逗號(hào)，而but則不用。請(qǐng)看例句：

　　1）It is not，however， the only answer to the question. （然而，這不是問題的唯一答案。）

　　2）I am sorry，but I won't be able to come this time. （很報(bào)歉，我這次不能來(lái)了。）

　　8. Telecommunication can make information from around the world available to use quickly and easily， but some people worry that this may be a risk to our privacy.

　　available是一個(gè)形容詞，意思是“可得到的；可用的；有效的”。

　　1）I am sorry those shoes are not available in your size. （很報(bào)歉，那些鞋沒你的尺碼。）

　　2）If I am not available when you call， leave a message. （你打電話來(lái)時(shí)如果我不在，請(qǐng)留個(gè)言。）

　　9.We can prevent this from happening by carefully controlling the new technology.

　　prevent…from…意思為“阻止…發(fā)生”，也可用stop…from…或keep…from.From在前兩個(gè)短語(yǔ)中可被省去。

　  Nothing can prevent him （from） going there.（什么也阻止不了他去那兒。）

　　本課主要詞組及語(yǔ)法要點(diǎn)

　　詞組：

　　1. at the beginning of       2.means of
　　3. over long distance        4. by the middle of
　　5. such as                   6. change into
　　7. from…to…                8. be capable of
　　9. not only…but…           10.in theory
　　11. have access to           12.amount of
　　13. provide…to…            14.follow sb's instructions
　　15. care for                 16. as well as
　　17. at the same time         18. make…available
　　19. pay for                  20.isolate…from…

　　語(yǔ)法：

　　1.過去完成時(shí)
　　1）…both radio and television had be come established means of transmitting sounds and pictures.
　　2. 非限定性定語(yǔ)從句
　　1）…radio waves， which are then sent from a station on earth to an orbiting satellite.
　　2）…back to earth， where another station picks them up and changes them back into television signals.
　　3）The combination of satellites，which transmit information，computers，which store information，and television，which displays information，will change every home into an education and entertainment center.

　　2. 賓語(yǔ)從句

　　1）We must remember that technology alone is not the answer.
　　2）The satellite also demonstrated how it could provide help to people living in isolated areas…。
　　3. 注意such as，as well as，as的用法
　　1）In order to transmit an event such as the Olympics via satellite， …
　　2）…printed materials such as books and magazines.
　　3）…as well as get any information they need， …
　　4）As one telecommunication expert days， …
　　Text B  What People Don't Know about Air

　　短語(yǔ)表達(dá)

　　1. without
　　We couldn't have finished the work so soon without your help.
　　　2. adv. + past participle
　　It is widely known that the earth goes around the sun.
　　It is generally believed that the earth is getting hotter.
　　3. where
　　Where there is a will，there is a way.
　　4. be forced to
　　　They were forced to work 14 hours a day.
　　5. shelter v.& n.
　　Mother tried to shelter her from the blow of the tragic news.
　　You have to find shelter from the blazing sun.
　　6. protect from
　　　She had his umbrella to protect her from the sun.
　　7. deadly adj.
　　　　A drop of this poison might be deadly to man.
　　8. burst
　　As he braked a tire burst.
　　　Everybody in the room burst out laughing.
　　The little girl burst into tears.
　　9. rest upon
　　His arm rested upon the table.
　　The task rested upon my shoulder.
　　His eyes rested upon a strange object.
　　10. gaze at
　　He was standing at the window， gazing at the street.
　　　　11. not…until
　　He didn't go out to play until he finished his homework.
　　　12. in the meantime
　　13. pay attention to
　　Please pay more attention to your spelling next time.
　　14. add to
　　If you praise others more often， you can add great happiness to their life.
　　What he said just now added to my confusion.

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