2014年自考英語(yǔ)(二)閱讀輔導(dǎo):時(shí)差綜合癥的預(yù)防和治療

　　Jet Lag: Prevention and Cure

　　The problem of Jet Lag is one every international traveller comes across at some time. But do you have to suffer? Understand what it is, and how a careful diet can minimize its worst effects, and your flights will be less stressful.

　　The effects of rapid travel on the body are actually far more disturbing than we realize. Jet Lag is not a psychological consequence of having to readjust to a different time zone. It is due to changes in the body's physiological regulatory mechanisms, specifically the hormonal systems, in a different environment.

　　Confused? So was John Foster Dulles, the American Secretary of State, when he flew to Egypt to conduct negotiations on the Aswan Dam.

　　He later blamed his poor judgement on Jet Lag.

　　The effects can be used to advantage, too. President Johnson once conducted an important meeting in Guam and kept the entire proceedings at Washington DC time. The White House working personnel were as fresh as paint, while the locals, in this case, were jet-lagged.

　　Essentially, they had been instantaneously transported to America.

　　Now that we understand what Jet Lag is, we can go some way to overcoming it. A great number of the body's events are scheduled to occur at a certain time of day. Naturally these have to be regulated, and there are two regulatory systems which interact.

　　One timing system comes from the evidence of our senses and stomachs, and the periodicity we experience when living in a particular time zone. The other belongs in our internal clocks (the major one of which may be physically located in a part of the brain called the suprachiasmatic nucleus) which, left alone, would tie the body to a 25 hour - yes, 25 - rhythm. Normally the two timers are in step, and the external cues tend to regularise the internal clocks to the more convenient 24 hour period.

　　If, however, you move the whole body to a time zone which is four hours different, the two clocks will be out of step, like two alarm clocks which are normally set together, but which have been reset a few hours apart. Whereas the two clocks would normally sound their alarms together, now they ring at different times. Similarly, the body can be set for evening while the sun is rising.

　　In time the physiological system will reset itself, but it does take time. One easily monitored rhythm is palm sweating. A man flown to a time zone different by 10 hours will take eight days to readjust his palm sweat. Blood pressure, which is also rhythmical, takes four days to readjust.

　　One reason for this discrepancy is that different bodily events are controlled by different factors. The hormone cortisol, which controls salt and water excretion, is made in the morning, wherever the body is. But the growth hormone is released during sleep, whenever in the day that sleep occurs. Normally these two hormones are separated by seven or eight hours, but if the body arrives at a destination in the early morning (local) and goes to sleep as soon as possible, the two hormones will be released simultaneously.

　　What can we do about it? It is not feasible to wait four days until the body is used to the new time zone. Fortunately there is a short cut. It relies on two things - the power of the stomach to regulate the timing of other events, and the pharmacological actions of coffee.

　　The basic assumptions are:

　　Coffee delays the body clock in the morning, and advances it at night. Coffee at mid-afternoon is neutral.

　　Protein in meals stimulates wakefulness, while carbohydrates promote sleep.

　　Putting food into an empty stomach helps synchronize the body clock.

　　時(shí)差綜合癥的預(yù)防和治療

　　高速飛行時(shí)因時(shí)差而引起的生理節(jié)奏的推敲是每一個(gè)跨國(guó)旅行者有時(shí)會(huì)遇到的問題。但你必須得忍受嗎?如果你了解它是怎么回事，并且知道如何注意飲食才可以將其最壞影響減到最小程度，你的飛行就不會(huì)那么緊張了。

　　快速旅行對(duì)身體的影響實(shí)際上比我們所意識(shí)到的更加令人不安。調(diào)整的習(xí)行因時(shí)差而引起的生理節(jié)奏的破壞不是必須重新調(diào)整去適合不同時(shí)區(qū)的心理影響。它是由人體內(nèi)的生理調(diào)節(jié)結(jié)構(gòu)，特別是荷爾蒙系統(tǒng)在不同環(huán)境的變化引起的。感到困惑了嗎?美國(guó)國(guó)務(wù)卿約翰福斯特杜勒斯飛往埃及進(jìn)行關(guān)于阿斯旺大壩的談判時(shí)也是這樣。后來，他把他的不理想的判斷歸咎于時(shí)差反應(yīng)的不良影響。

　　時(shí)差的影響也可以加以利用。約翰遜總統(tǒng)曾經(jīng)在關(guān)島召開重要會(huì)議，其所有活動(dòng)都按華盛頓時(shí)間進(jìn)行。白宮工作人員個(gè)個(gè)精神煥發(fā)，而在這種情況下，當(dāng)?shù)厝藚s受時(shí)差反應(yīng)之苦。實(shí)際上，好像他們剛剛被飛機(jī)送到美國(guó)一樣。

　　既然我們懂得了什么是高速飛行時(shí)差綜合癥。很自然，這些活動(dòng)不得不加以調(diào)節(jié)，人體現(xiàn)人有兩套相互影響的調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)。

　　一個(gè)定時(shí)系統(tǒng)表現(xiàn)在我們的感覺和胃以及居住在一個(gè)特定時(shí)區(qū)時(shí)，我們所經(jīng)歷的周期。另一個(gè)定時(shí)系統(tǒng)在我們的人體時(shí)鐘內(nèi)，這些人體時(shí)鐘在不受干擾時(shí)，會(huì)使人體有一個(gè)25小時(shí)，是的25小時(shí)的生理節(jié)奏。一般情況下，這兩種定時(shí)器是步調(diào)一致的。外部信號(hào)常常調(diào)節(jié)人體時(shí)鐘命使之達(dá)到更為便利的24小時(shí)周期。

　　然而，如果你將整個(gè)身體轉(zhuǎn)移到相差四個(gè)小時(shí)的時(shí)區(qū)，這兩個(gè)小時(shí)鐘就不協(xié)調(diào)了。就像兩個(gè)鬧鐘通常一起設(shè)置，但被重新設(shè)置時(shí)相差了好幾個(gè)小時(shí)。雖然這兩個(gè)時(shí)鐘通常會(huì)一起鬧時(shí)，但現(xiàn)在它們?cè)诓煌瑫r(shí)刻響起。類似的，當(dāng)太陽(yáng)升起時(shí)身體可能被設(shè)定為晚上。

　　經(jīng)過一段時(shí)間以后，生理系統(tǒng)將會(huì)重新調(diào)整過來。但這的確需要時(shí)間。一個(gè)容易監(jiān)測(cè)的節(jié)律是手掌出汗的節(jié)律。血壓也是有節(jié)律的，需要四天時(shí)間才能得到重新調(diào)整。

　　形成這種差異的百不同的身體活動(dòng)由不同因素的支配。不管身在何處，控制鹽和水分排泄的皮質(zhì)醇激素是早上產(chǎn)生的。但不論何時(shí)睡眠，生長(zhǎng)激素是在睡眠中釋放的。通常這兩種激素相隔七、八個(gè)小時(shí)釋放，但如果人體在一大早到達(dá)目的地，并且盡快入睡，這兩種激素將同時(shí)釋放。

　　關(guān)于這點(diǎn)我們能做些什么呢?等待幾天直到身體適應(yīng)新的時(shí)區(qū)是不可取的。幸好，有一條捷徑。它依靠?jī)牲c(diǎn)??胃調(diào)節(jié)其他活動(dòng)定時(shí)的能力和咖啡的藥物作用。

　　基本的道理是：

　　咖啡在早上可以延遲人體時(shí)鐘，在晚間可以提早人體時(shí)鐘。咖啡在下午三點(diǎn)左右是中性的。食物中的蛋白質(zhì)使人不眠，而碳水化合物卻使人易于入睡?？崭钩允澄飵椭梭w時(shí)鐘準(zhǔn)時(shí)。

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