2014年自考英語(yǔ)(一)重點(diǎn)知識(shí):第二十一單元(2)

　　本課主要語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)

　　1.Uncertainty spreads through our lives so thoroughly that it dominates our language.

　　動(dòng)詞spread的過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞與動(dòng)詞原形是一樣的。本句中的spread意思是becomes known or shared by more and more people (散布)，如：

　　1)News of the air crash spread quickly. (飛機(jī)墜毀的消息很快傳播開(kāi)了。)

　　2)He is making a lecture tour to spread his political influence. (他在作巡回演講以擴(kuò)大自己的政治影響。)

　　3)People seem to love spreading gossip. (人們似乎愛(ài)傳閑話。)

　　spread這個(gè)詞還可以做名詞用，再請(qǐng)看幾個(gè)例子，注意spread的意思和詞類：

　　1)A scene of property spreads out before us. (一幅欣欣向榮的景象展現(xiàn)在我們面前。)

　　2)The spread of education benefits many girls. (教育的普及使許多女孩得益。)

　　3)He was spreading peanut butter on bread. (他正往面包上涂花生醬。)

　　4)Many people died as a result of the spread of fire. (火勢(shì)蔓延致使多人喪生。)

　　5)You many consider spreading the work load. (你可以考慮把工作分?jǐn)傄幌隆?

　　lives是life的復(fù)數(shù)形式。life做可數(shù)名詞用時(shí)，意思是“生命”，“一生，壽命”，如：

　　1)He nearly lost his life. (他幾乎送了命。)

　　2)Fourteen children lost their lives in the fire. (十四個(gè)孩子在火中喪生。)

　　3)People spend their lives worrying about wealth and health. (人們一生都在為金錢(qián)和健康擔(dān)憂。)

　　2.Our everyday speech is made up in large part of words…

　　in part意為“在某種程度上;部分地”;in large part則表示“很大部分”，如：

　　1)Some forms of mental illness are caused in part by lack of communication. (有些形式的精神疾病部分是由于缺少交流引起的。)

　　2)The driver should in large part be responsible for the accident. (司機(jī)應(yīng)為這起事故負(fù)大部分責(zé)任。)

　　Be made up of 意思是“由…組成”，如：

　　1)The medical team is made up of 4 doctors and 2 nurses. (那個(gè)醫(yī)療隊(duì)由4名醫(yī)生和2名護(hù)士組成。)

　　2)His class is made up of 50 students. (他的班級(jí)由50名學(xué)生組成。)

　　3.Atomic war is likely to destroy forever the nation that wages it.

　　在前面我們已多次碰到be likely to， 我們提到過(guò)be likely的主語(yǔ)可以是it，也可以是其他名詞，如：

　　1)It is likely that he will be here in 30 minutes. (他過(guò)30分鐘可能會(huì)到這兒。)

　　2)The disease is likely to spread. (這種疾病可能會(huì)傳播。)

　　It is likely that the disease will spread.

　　forever是副詞，意思是for good， completely (永遠(yuǎn)地)，如：

　　They will vanish forever into the twilight. (他們將永遠(yuǎn)消失在黃昏里。)

　　forever與進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)連用，表示“老是，不斷”，如：

　　1)She is forever asking to borrow something. (她沒(méi)完沒(méi)了地向人借東西。)

　　2)The teacher was forever spotting trivial errors in their calculations. (老師總是在他們的計(jì)算中發(fā)現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤。)

　　that wages it是定語(yǔ)從句，修飾nation.Wage在本句中用作動(dòng)詞，意思是start(發(fā)起，開(kāi)展)，如：They waged a campaign against nuclear tests. (他們開(kāi)展了反核試驗(yàn)運(yùn)動(dòng)。)

　　4.Lacking any standard for estimating the probability， we are left with the judgment of the editorial writer.

　　句中的lack 是一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞，意思是“缺乏”，lack也可用作不及物動(dòng)詞和名詞，請(qǐng)看下面的例句，注意lack的用法。

　　1)He wasn't a stern man， in spite of his lack of humor. (盡管他缺少幽默感，但他不是一個(gè)苛刻的人。)

　　2)Lack of funding is making our job more difficult. (資金短缺使我們的工作更加困難。)

　　3)There was no lack of hands. (人手并不缺。)

　　4)He is lacking in responsibility. (他不夠負(fù)責(zé)。)

　　5)Your statement lacks detail. (你的敘述不夠詳盡具體。)

　　leave sth. with sb. 意思是“把…留給某人”，如：

　　1)Leave your telephone number with the secretary. (把你的電話號(hào)碼留給秘書(shū)。)

　　2)He left his bicycle with his brother when he went on holiday. (他去度假時(shí)，把自行車放在他弟弟那兒。)

　　5.Indeed， it has a value just because it allows us to express judgments when a precise quantitative statement is out of the question.

　　allow sb. to do sth. 意思是“允許某人做某事”，如：

　　1)They were allowed to stay there longer. (他們被允許在那兒時(shí)間呆長(zhǎng)點(diǎn)。)

　　2)He allowed me to take two books. (他允許我拿兩本書(shū)。)

　　請(qǐng)注意區(qū)別out of the question和out of question：

　　out of the question意為“不可能的”，“辦不到的”。如：

　　1)I haven't finished my homework yet， going shopping now is out of the question.(我還沒(méi)做完作業(yè)，現(xiàn)在去購(gòu)物是不可能的。)

　　2)Going swimming at this time of the year is out of the question. (一年中這個(gè)時(shí)候游泳是不可能的。)

　　out of question意為“毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)”。如：

　　1)Getting some help from her is out of question. (得到她的幫助不成問(wèn)題。)

　　2)It is out of question to get the job. (得到那份工作沒(méi)問(wèn)題。)

　　6.…which are also quantifiable but denote not so much a condition of certainty as a quantity imprecisely known;

　　not so much…as…意思是“與其說(shuō)…不如說(shuō)…”。如：

　　1)He is not so much a reporter as a writer. (與其說(shuō)他是一個(gè)記者，還不如說(shuō)他是個(gè)作家。)

　　2)His achievement was made not so much because of luck as because of hard work.(他取得的成就與其說(shuō)是由于運(yùn)氣，不如說(shuō)是由于努力。)

　　7.…which can not be reduced to any accepted number because they are given different values by different people.

　　reduce的意思是make sth. smaller in size or amount or less in degree (減少，減輕)，如：

　　1)They have promised to reduce the cost. (他們已經(jīng)答應(yīng)降低成本。)

　　2)The workforce would have to be reduced by 50%. (勞動(dòng)力將減少百分之五十。)

　　reduce sb. to a particular state指處于(某種狀態(tài));使艱難(處境)，用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，表示“迫使”。如：

　　1)He was reduced to begging in the old days. (在舊社會(huì)他被逼得討飯。)

　　2)The old lady was reduced to despair. (老太太陷入了絕望。)

　　在課文中的這個(gè)句子里，be reduced to意思是“使化為，使變?yōu)椤?，如?/P>

　　1)This kind of analysis reduce the problem to its simplest form. (這種分析方法使問(wèn)題變得最為簡(jiǎn)單。)

　　2)He had always wanted to reduce his thoughts to writing. (他一直想把自己的思想變成文字。)

　　8.We have been trying to pin down by experiments what people mean by these expressions in specific contexts，…

　　pin作名詞用時(shí)指“別針，大頭針”，如a safety pin (安全別針);作動(dòng)詞用時(shí)指“別住”：“使不能行動(dòng)”，pin down的意思是“準(zhǔn)確說(shuō)明”，“牽制”。如：

　　1)He pinned a badge on his jacket. (他在外套上別了一枚徽章。)

　　2)She pinned the papers together before giving them to the manager. (把文件給經(jīng)理前，她用針把它們別好。)

　　3)They pinned him down to a promise. (他們迫使他履行諾言。)

　　4)We are trying to pin down his speech. (我們正努力準(zhǔn)確說(shuō)明他的講話。)

　　兩個(gè)by在句中都是介詞，表示“靠，用，通過(guò)”，如：

　　1)What do you mean by that? (你這樣講是什么意思?)

　　2)He put the young man in an awkward situation by asking him some personal questions.(他通過(guò)問(wèn)一些私人性問(wèn)題使那個(gè)年輕人陷入尷尬。)

　　9.…we find that the number depends of course on the items involved.

　　…the size of the population of items influences the value assigned to an expression.

　　上面兩句中的過(guò)去分詞involved和assigned其前都省去了that (which) are (is)，做定語(yǔ)修飾items和value.

　　本課主要短語(yǔ)

　　1.be made up of

　　2.in part

　　3.be likely to

　　4.be left with

　　5.allow sb. to do sth.

　　6.out of the question

　　7.not so much…as…

　　8.be reduced to

　　9.pin down

　　10.compare with

　　11.be certain to

　　12.in place of

　　Text B it never rains but it pours!

　　諺語(yǔ)

　　1.There is no smoke without fire.

　　2.Don't wash your dirty linen in the public.

　　3.It's no use crying over spilt milk.

　　4.Make the best out of a bad job.

　　5.It never rains but it pours.

　　6.Every dog is allowed one bite.

　　7.One man's meat is another man’s poison.

　　8.Let sleeping dogs lie.

　　9.He who rides a tiger is afraid to dismount.

　　10.A friend in need is a friend indeed.

　　11.There is no such thing as a free lunch.

　　短語(yǔ)表達(dá)

　　1.relevance to / be relevant to

　　What he said had no relevance to the present question.

　　They could not forward any relevant proof.

　　2.believe in

　　I believe him but I don't believe in him.

　　He believes in Christianity.

　　3.pass on to

　　Would you please pass this message on to Xiao Li?

　　Thank you for passing the news on to me.

　　4.in the form of

　　He showed his appreciation to her in the form of a letter of hanks.

　　They gave the children a lot of help in the form of books.

　　5.a reminder of

　　This proverb can be used as a reminder of the correct way to behave.

　　This picture is a reminder of my past.

　　6.in times of

　　They are said to be more intelligent in times of difficulties.

　　This could be a comfort in times of trouble.

　　7.be native to

　　Rice is believed to be native to China.

　　This saying is native to the American Indians.

　　8.go wrong

　　When anything goes wrong with his car he will hasten to his auto repairman.

　　I don't know what has gone wrong with my computer.

　　9.be based on

　　His comments are based on facts.

　　This film is based on the life story of a general.

　　10.date back to

　　This invention can be dated back to the Han Dynasty.

　　This old law dated back to the 17th century.

　　11.pay compensation to

　　The insurance company would pay compensation to the victims.

　　The supermarket refused to pay any compensation to the customer.

　　12.be harmful to

　　Excessive smoking is harmful to your health.

　　TV violence is harmful to children.

　　13.come into contact with

　　China came into more contact with the outside world in the late 1980s.

　　We learned more as we came into contact with them.

　　14.borrow from

　　He borrowed a lot of money from his friends.

　　Some of the English words are borrowed from other languages.

　　15.start on

　　He started on his journey last week.

　　You have to get well prepared if you want to start on a dangerous enterprise.

　　16.in return

　　They gave you so much help， what are you going to do in return?

　　I didn't expect any favor from you in return.

　　17.be reluctant to

　　He is reluctant to make any comment on this issue.

　　The boy was reluctant to tell his father the truth.

?2013年10月各省市自考成績(jī)查詢?nèi)肟趨R總

?2014年4月自考報(bào)名

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