2014年職稱英語(yǔ)考點(diǎn)資料:主謂語(yǔ)一致

　　句子的各個(gè)成分之間保持在人稱、性、數(shù)等方面的一致，這種關(guān)系稱為一致關(guān)系。英語(yǔ)中的一致表現(xiàn)為語(yǔ)法一致、意義一致和毗鄰一致三方面。

　　絕大多數(shù)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在人稱和單復(fù)數(shù)上取決于主語(yǔ)的人稱和單復(fù)數(shù)。如：

　　The burnt child fears the fire.

　　Things are invented when the need is great enough.

　　有時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于主語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)意義，而不是簡(jiǎn)單地取決于主語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)形式，這在集合名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)尤其如此：當(dāng)主語(yǔ)強(qiáng)調(diào)整體時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);當(dāng)主語(yǔ)強(qiáng)調(diào)構(gòu)成集合的各個(gè)成員時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如：

　　The basketball team consists of 20 players.(指整個(gè)球隊(duì))

　　The basketball team are having a bath now.(指籃球隊(duì)的隊(duì)員)

　　當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是由連詞等連接的一個(gè)短語(yǔ)時(shí)，往往采取就近原則，即謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于最靠近它的名詞或代詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式和意義。如：

　　Either the sweater or the shirts were a good buy.

　　Either the shirts or the sweater was a good buy.

　　1.謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞根據(jù)主語(yǔ)意義及就近原則而定的情形：

　?、艈螐?fù)數(shù)形式相同的名詞用作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，要根據(jù)它們所含的數(shù)量概念來(lái)決定謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：

　　A sheep is running along the river.

　　Some sheep are running along the river.

　　常見(jiàn)的這些名詞有：aircraft， fish， means， sheep， species， works， Chinese， Japanese， swine等。

　?、瓶蓴?shù)的集體名詞，如果作為一個(gè)集合概念來(lái)看，它表示單數(shù)意義，就應(yīng)該遵循語(yǔ)法一致的原則，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式;如果強(qiáng)調(diào)的是個(gè)體，它表示的就是復(fù)數(shù)意義，動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：

　　The audience was enormous.

　　The audience were greatly moved at the word.

　　常見(jiàn)的這些名詞有：army，audience，class，club，jury，public，school，staff，government，team等。

　?、钱?dāng)數(shù)學(xué)運(yùn)算中的數(shù)詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單復(fù)數(shù)均可，但若用了plus， minus， multiplied或divide時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多用equals.

　　Two fours are eight.

　　6 multiplied by 3 equals 18.

　　Four from five leaves one.

　　⑷在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型“It is/was…that/who…”中，強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ)時(shí)，that/who引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式取決于被強(qiáng)調(diào)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式或其意義。

　　It is precisely the people who create history.

　?、伞皌he minority/majority of 名詞”短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：

　　The majority of students were on Ben‘s side.

　?、省癮ll (any， some， a lot， lots， the rest， none， loads， the reminder和分?jǐn)?shù)名詞短語(yǔ))of 名詞“作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，若名詞為復(fù)數(shù)意義，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式;否則用單數(shù)形式。

　　Half of them are here.

　　All the land is cultivated.

　　Tree fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.

　?、恕啊璮orm(s) / kind(s) / type(s) of 名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)與form(s)等的單復(fù)數(shù)一致，此時(shí)，若名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：

　　This kind of book sells well.

　　Two kinds of salt have been proved to be harmful to human body.

　　⑻“plenty (part， half， rest等) 名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與of后面的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式一致。如：

　　Half of the guests were here.

　?、陀刹⒘羞B詞(or， either…or， neither…nor， not only…but (also)等)連接的并列成份作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞按就近原則與其保持一致。如：

　　Neither you nor I am right.

　　Either Jack or his sisters are going to the cinema.

　?、卧凇癶ere， there”引導(dǎo)的結(jié)構(gòu)中，如果有多于一個(gè)的主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與鄰近的主語(yǔ)取得一致。如：

　　There are two books， a rule and a pen on the desk.

　　Here is a table， some chairs， and a few desks in the room.

　?、稀皌he 形容詞或分詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，若指一個(gè)人或抽象概念，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式;若指一類人，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：

　　The deceased was his mother.

　　The good are demanding their ringhts.

　?、杏蒩s well as， as much as， no less than， rather than等連接的并列主語(yǔ)，在意義上更強(qiáng)調(diào)第一主語(yǔ)。根據(jù)語(yǔ)法一致的原則，動(dòng)詞形式通常取決于第一主語(yǔ)的數(shù)和人稱。如：

　　I， as well as him， am ready for outing.

　　He as much as us is responsible for it.

　　2.謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式的情形：

　?、挪欢ㄊ蕉陶Z(yǔ)、動(dòng)名詞及名詞從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。如：

　　To become doctors is their ambition.

　　Reading without comprehension is no good.

　　What that country needs is more jobs and lower taxes.

　?、票硎緯r(shí) 間、距離、重量、長(zhǎng)度、價(jià)值等的名詞，不論單復(fù)數(shù)，當(dāng)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞均用單數(shù)形式。如：

　　Twenty years is a long period of his life.

　　Five thousand dollars is more than I can afford.

　?、怯胊nd連接的名詞或代詞前有every， each， no， many a等修飾時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如：

　　Every one of the figures was checked at least twice.

　?、仁录?、國(guó)名、機(jī)構(gòu)名稱、書籍及其它作品的名稱作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞均用單數(shù)形式。

　　The United Nations was formed in 1945.

　　Great Expectation is a very famous novel.

　?、上薅ㄔ~(each， every， one， many a， not only one， either， neither等)作主語(yǔ)或修飾主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般是單數(shù)。如： 　　Each of the students has a studying plan.

　　Every cook praises his own broth.

　　⑹and連接的兩個(gè)名詞或代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，如果指的是同一個(gè)人或指一種整體事物時(shí)，根據(jù)概念一致的原則，后面的動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。特別是and前的名詞或代詞前有冠詞the，而and后的名詞或代詞前沒(méi)有冠詞the，須用單數(shù)謂語(yǔ)。

　　Ham and eggs is often preferred to hamburgers.

　　The manager and secretary was present at the meeting.

　　這類名詞還有：fish and chips， bread and butter，law and order，a cup and saucer，the needle and thread等。

　?、硕陶Z(yǔ)“a deal (amount， proportion， quantity) 不可數(shù)名詞”、“a portion (kind， series， species) of 名詞“作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。

　　A large amount of oil was spilt on the road.

　　A portion of goods has been transported to the city.

　?、獭皌he number of …”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也用單數(shù)形式。如：

　　The number of students is increasing every year in the school.

　　3.謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式的情形：

　　當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是下列情況時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞只能用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

　　⑴由and或both…and…連接的短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)。(2.中的⑹例外)

　　Both he and I are good at English.

　?、瞥Ｒ詮?fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的名詞作主語(yǔ)。如：clothes， pants， shears， riches， remains等。

　?、莙uantities后面的名詞無(wú)論是可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)還是不可數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)都用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：

　　Large quantities of steam are used by modern industry in the generation of power.

　?、取癮 number (group等) of…”作主語(yǔ)。如：

　　A number of people are in the meeting room now.

　　⑸不可數(shù)名詞前有表示數(shù)量的復(fù)數(shù)名詞修飾。如：

　　Six hundred square meters of housing have been built.

　?、手荒芸醋鲝?fù)數(shù)的集合名詞作主語(yǔ)。這類集合名詞有：cattle， poultry， youth， clergy， police，people， militia， vermin等。

　　The cattle were grazing at the foot of the hill.

　?、水?dāng)兩個(gè)形容詞用and連接來(lái)修飾一個(gè)單數(shù)名詞，實(shí)指兩個(gè)事物時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：

　　The third and the fourth page are missing.