職稱英語語法知識精講之虛擬語氣
虛擬語氣
一. 概述
英語有三種語氣:陳述語氣、祈使語氣和虛擬語氣。對前兩種語氣,學生似乎比較熟悉,而對虛擬語氣似乎感到比較難掌握。造成這種情況的主要原因,一是對虛擬語氣有誤解,認為虛擬語氣表達的內容都是假的;二是將虛擬語氣放在英語語法過高的地位上,原因之一是語法考試經??继摂M語氣,如2000年A卷20道語法題中有5道是虛擬語氣的語法范疇;三是英語中虛擬語氣的表達形式比較特殊。
其實,虛擬語氣有兩大類用法:
1. 在對"他人"作命令、推薦、建議、勸慰、說服時用虛擬語氣形式表達,表示語氣的客氣或婉轉,如:
I would like you to answer this question. (我想請你來回答這個問題。)
這里的would like to (想),就是虛擬語氣,相當于want to:
口語中常用的句型,象:
Would you mind my smoking here?(我在這里抽煙你不介意吧?)
It might a good idea to wait and see.(觀望或許是個好主意。)
Could you tell me where the post office is?(能告訴我郵局怎么走嗎?)
You'd better bring an umbrella with you; it's thundering. (你最好帶上雨傘;天在打雷。)
I'd rather stay at home in such bad weather.(這種惡劣天氣我寧可呆在家里。)
等句子都屬于虛擬語氣的范疇,注意這里的動詞都采用了"過去時"的形式。
2. 表達與事實相反或(幾乎)不可能實現的事,這可能就是一般人概念中的虛擬語氣,如:
If only there had been a doctor at the moment. (當時有個醫(yī)生就好了。- 實際情況是當時沒有醫(yī)生)
二. 虛擬語氣的句型分類和用法
虛擬語氣可以粗略地分為兩大類:
第一類:should 型虛擬式 第二類:were 型虛擬式
1.should 型虛擬式:should + 原形動詞(往往省去should, 特別是在考試時)
這類虛擬式最多用在以下詞或句型中:
(1) It is necessary that…的主語從句中,如:
It is necessary that the chief should be present personally at the meeting.(主任有必要親自參加這次會議。)
只要看到"necessary",馬上要想到這是"should型"虛擬式。
記住下面構成"should型"虛擬式的詞:
essential (必要的) / important(重要的) / necessary(必要的) / imperative(迫切的)/ impossible(不可能的)/ natural(自然的)/ preferable(更好的)/ advisable(合理的)/ desirable(理想的)/ urgent(緊迫的)/ incredible(難以想象的)
(2) order (命令) / recommend(推薦)/ suggest(建議)/ demand(要求) / command(命令)/ propose(建議)/ require(要求)/ request(請求) / insist(堅持認為)/ urge(主張) / advise(勸告)/ ask(要求)/ prefer(寧愿)/ desire(愿望)/ move(提議)/ vote(提議)
由這些詞構成的賓語從句,主語從句、表語從句、同位語從句或其他有關句型時,都要使用"should型"虛擬式,例如:
It was ordered that the medicines (should) be sent there by plane at once. (主語從句)
The order was that the medicines (should) be sent there by plane at once.(表語從句)
The chief ordered that the medicines (should) be sent there by plane at once.(賓語從句)
The order that the medicines (should) be sent there by plane at once was sent to the branch office.(同位語從句)
(3) 在 in case / lest = for fear that(以免… / 以防…)結構中,例如:
He took a raincoat with him in case it should rain (或用真實語氣:…in case it rained)
She put a wool blanket over the child for fear that (lest) he should catch a cold. (她把一條毛毯蓋在孩子身上,以防他感冒。)
可見,此類虛擬語氣比較容易接受,考試時只要認準了上面的那些字一般就不難作出準確選擇。
就解題而言,考生要注意:1)A的位置往往安排干擾項,如使用must, may, might, could等類詞進行干擾;2)句中往往省去should, 直接用否定詞not + 原形動詞的形式,以"迷惑"考生,例如:
The housemaster(男舍監(jiān))was very strict.He asked that we ______ television on week nights.
A. must not watch
B. not watch
C. should not have watched
2.were型虛擬式:
所謂were型虛擬式,就是借用行為動詞過去時的某個形式以及be動詞的"were"這個形式來表達某種虛擬的語氣。
由于were型虛擬式主要用在if非真實條件句中,而且它是其他were型虛擬式句型的基礎,所以我們先要搞清楚if非真實條件句。
(1) if非真實條件句:
條件句分為真實條件句和非真實條件句:
真實條件句是指真實的或可以實現的條件句,例如:If we work together, we are sure to finish the task in time. (如果我們大家一起努力,就一定能按時完成任務),動詞使用的是真實的時態(tài)和形式。
非真實條件句是指對已經發(fā)生過的事情,或對不可能發(fā)生或實現的事進行假設,例如:"如果當時有醫(yī)生在,這個孩子就有可能得救了",顯然,這是對已發(fā)生的事情的一種假設,該句的英語表達為:If there had been a doctor available, the child might have been saved.
為了便于理解和記憶,我們用表格形式加以歸納:
時間動詞形式舉例
過去if條件句:had done / had been
結果句:would have done / been If there had been a doctor available, the child might have been saved.
倒裝:Had there been a doctor available, the child might have been saved
現在if條件句:did / be動詞用were
結果句: would do (be) If I were you, I would accept his offer. (如果我是你的話,我就接受他的提議。)
倒裝:Were I you, I would accept his offer.
If I knew the fact, I would tell you. (我要是知道,我就會告訴你)
不可以倒裝
將來if條件句:
should do (be) / were to
結果句:would do (be) If it should rain tomorrow, we would stay at home. (一旦明天下雨,我們就呆在家里。)
倒裝:Should it rain tomorrow, we would stay at home.
If he were to come this evening, I would ask him to help solve the problem. (要是他晚上會來,我就請他幫助解決這個問題。)
倒裝:Were he to come this evening, I would ask him to help solve the problem.
這里關鍵是要掌握好兩點:
(A) 虛擬行為或狀態(tài)發(fā)生的時間:過去?現在?還是將來?
(B) 采用了什么相應的動詞形式?
補充說明:
(A) 當 "if "省略后,要采用倒裝形式,如舉例所示;
(B) 如果所說的條件是永遠不可逆轉的。如"如果我是你的話"(我永遠不可能變?yōu)槟?,即使是對過去的假設,也用"現在"虛擬式表示,例如:
If I were you, I would have taken his advice. (要是換了我,我就采納他的意見了。)
(C) 結果句中的would 可以根據內容需要,使用might, could或should,例如:If she had known that you were there, she might have come.(要是她知道你在哪兒,她或許會來的。)但是"將來"虛擬式條件句中的should是將來時的"標志詞",不能用would代替,不要搞錯了。
(D) 關于含蓄虛擬式:含蓄虛擬式是指虛擬的條件用一種比較含蓄的方式加以表達的虛擬語氣,如:"我昨天很忙,要不就來參加你的生日派對了".其中的"我很忙"是真實情況,"要不就來參加你的生日派對了"則是虛擬的:I was very busy yesterday, or I would have come to your birthday party.
所以,注意句子中出現的:but, or(否則), otherwise(否則), without(要不是),with(要是有),but that(要不是), but for(要不是), if it were not for / 過去:if it had not been for(要不是 ) 等用來引出含蓄虛擬式的詞或短語,例如:But for (或without) your cooperation, we would not have completed the experiment so smoothly.(要不是你們的合作,我們不可能那樣順利地完成這個實驗。)
D. not be watching
該題中的"ask"意為"要求",故是個"should型"虛擬式, 正確答案為B.
(4)在it is surprising, disappointing, a pity, a shame, no wonder, simply a miracle + 從句的結構中,表示驚訝、高興或遺憾,例如:
It is surprising that she should look so miserable. (真是奇怪,她竟看上去如此不高興。)
It is a great pity that you should miss such a good film. (你要是錯過了這樣好的電影那真是遺憾。)
(2) were型虛擬式的其他用法 (同樣要遵守"過去、現在、將來"的虛擬規(guī)則):
●wish賓語從句:
I wish that he had not made so much fuss about it.(真希望他不要把那事搞大了。- 過去)
I wish that I were a doctor. (我希望我是個醫(yī)生就好了。- 現在)
(注:這個句型中也可以用I wish that I was a doctor.)
I wish that the rain would stop. (真希望雨能停下來。將來)
●If only…(要是…就好了)
If only you hadn't offended him. (你當時不惹他就好了。- 過去)
If only I had some money on hand now. (我現在手頭有些錢就好了。-現在)
If only he could come tomorrow. (他明天能來有多好啊。-將來)
●It is (about / high) time that….(是…的時候了)
由于該句型只能用在"現在"時間,所以從句的動詞只能是"過去時"形式,例如:
It is high time (that) we began to work. (咱們該開始工作了。)
●As if (though)…(似乎…)
這個句型可以是陳述語氣,也可以是虛擬語氣。虛擬語氣的時態(tài)變化原則與"wish"用法相同,例如:
She loves the children in the kindergarten as if they were her own. (她象自己孩子一樣熱愛幼兒園的孩子門。 - 現在)
He talked about China as if he had been there. (他談起中國來好象去過那里。)
It looks as if it is going to rain.(看來天要下雨。- 陳述語氣)
●Would (had) rather, would just as soon, would sooner, would prefer + 從句結構
這幾個句型都表示一種"婉轉的責備",中文常有"還不如…","寧可…""倒希望…"等意思,例如:
I'd rather she stayed at home in such a bad health condition. (她身體這么差,我倒希望你呆在家里。- 現在)
I would just as soon you had returned him the money yesterday. (你還不如昨天就把錢還給他了。- 過去)
I would prefer he didn't stay there too long. (我倒不希望他不要在那兒呆得時間太長。)
比較:
I would prefer that she act the young lady. (我倒認為她演哪個年輕女子比較合適。- 表示建議,用 "should型虛擬式")
做虛擬語氣的題目,歸納起來就是兩句話:
一是,看清是什么形式的虛擬式,"should型"還是 "were型"?
二是,如果是were型虛擬式,看清句中所給的時態(tài):"過去"、"現在"、"將來"?
這里的關鍵是:要對構成虛擬語氣的詞、詞組和句型比較敏感。
三. 情態(tài)動詞的完成式:
can / may / should / ought to / must / need等動詞稱為情態(tài)動詞。情態(tài)動詞有三大特征:一是無人稱和數的變化,二是后面跟的動詞不帶"to",三是后面 + not構成否定式,比較:
He needn't go there so early. (他不需要去那么早。- 情態(tài)動詞)
You do not need to be an expert to make this simple design. (這么簡單的設計不一定非要老師來做。- 動作動詞)
在講解"情態(tài)動詞完成式"前,先將一般式中應注意的幾個問題提一下,以引起必要的重視。
1.情態(tài)動詞一般式中應注意的幾個問題:
注意以下用法的習慣與區(qū)別:
He must be a doctor. (他準是個醫(yī)生。)
否定:He can't be a doctor. (他不會是個醫(yī)生。- 注意:一般不用must' be )
又如:They can't be working now.(現在他們不可能在工作。)
May I go now?
回答:Yes, please. / Please don't. (或:No, you mustn't)
have to 與 must
1) 當強調"外界原因"時,2)當與"將來時"結合時,用have to,
例如:
Since it is raining, we have to sty indoors.
You will have to hurry if you want to catch the 9:30 train. (你要是趕9:30的火車,得趕緊。)
3) 表示自然規(guī)律或必然結果,用must,
例如:
All men must die. (人固有一死。)
can 與be able to
can表示能力,但不一定做了或做成了;be able to 表示有能力并且做成了,相當于succeed in doing, 例如:
The patient is able to walk now. (說明病人原來是喪失了走的能力的,現在自己能走了)
The patient can walk now. (可能的情況是,病人是能走的,但醫(yī)生不讓他走,如急性心梗后醫(yī)生不讓病人走動。)
Shall I / we(第一人稱)…? 表示征求對方意見;(第二、三人稱) + shall…表示"允諾"或"警告,例如:
Shall I fetch a doctor for you? (要我為你請個醫(yī)生來嗎?)
You shall be sorry for what you have done. (你會為你所做的事后悔的。)
Will you….? 表示請求, 例如:
Don't' be late for the meeting next time, will you? (下次開會別遲到了,好嗎?)
比較:I would remind you that smoking is forbidden here. (表示"婉轉的建議或請求":我想提醒你,這里不能抽煙。)
needn't 的肯定式為must,例如:
You needn't see him, but I must. (你不必去看他,但我得去。)
cannot but + 原形動詞(意思相當于have to), 例如:
I cannot but tell you the truth. (我不得不給你說實話。)
2.情態(tài)動詞的完成式:
情態(tài)動詞的一般式用于表達"現在"或"將來"的情況,而情態(tài)動詞的完成式則用來表達"已經發(fā)生的事情",例如:"你不應該來得那么晚。"這是對已經發(fā)生的事情(你來晚了)表示自己的看法:You shouldn't have come so late.
將常用、??嫉膸讉€情態(tài)動詞完成式列表說明如下:
must (not) have done表示對已發(fā)生的事情的"判斷",中文常表達為:"準是…"It must have rained last night; the ground is wet.(昨晚準是下雨了,地上濕漉漉的。)
should (not) have done / ought (not) to have done表示"事與愿違",中文常表達為:"(不)該…","本(不)該…"The baby was cut badly; she shouldn't (oughtn't to) have let him play with the scissors. (孩子傷得很厲害;她不該讓他玩剪刀。)
may / can (not) have done表示"本(不)可能" She may have known the news; she is crying. (她可能已經知道那個消息了;她在哭。)
need (not) have done表示"本(不)需要"You needn't have bought that dictionary; I have got a spare one. (你實際上沒有必要買那本字典;我有一本多余的。)
由于在沒有情景的情況下很難區(qū)分情態(tài)動詞一般式和完成式,例如"你不該去",究竟是You shouldn't go there. 還是 You shouldn't have gone there, 因此考試的時候往往會給出情景,這對判題非常重要,如上面表格例子中的"the ground is wet","the baby was cut badly","she is crying", 都是題目所給的情景。
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