2019年翻譯資格考試catti三級(jí)筆譯實(shí)務(wù)試題十

貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義考驗(yàn)全球經(jīng)濟(jì)

2000年全球共有反傾銷(xiāo)案251起，略高于20世紀(jì)90年代年均232起的數(shù)字。但是， 2001年，反傾銷(xiāo)案件猛增到創(chuàng)記錄的348起。這個(gè)的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字表明貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義正在迅速 蔓延，并日益成為國(guó)際貿(mào)易中一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的問(wèn)題。

事實(shí)表明，一旦經(jīng)濟(jì)陷入衰退，貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義就會(huì)抬頭。2002年3月20日，美國(guó)正式 啟動(dòng)201祭款，對(duì)進(jìn)口鋼材加征30%的進(jìn)口關(guān)稅，這就是貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義的最好例證。 第三單元經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展Economy

美國(guó)鋼鐵業(yè)由于自身的結(jié)構(gòu)問(wèn)題，再加上本國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條的打擊，許多鋼鐵公司紛紛倒 閉。出于政治上的原因，布什政府揮起了“鋼鐵大棒”，保護(hù)本國(guó)的鋼鐵業(yè)，引發(fā)了鋼材出 口國(guó)的強(qiáng)烈不滿(mǎn)。

美國(guó)是發(fā)起對(duì)外反傾銷(xiāo)案最多的國(guó)家，其次是加拿大、印度和歐盟。而中國(guó)則是反傾銷(xiāo) 案最主要的打擊目標(biāo)之一。

反傾銷(xiāo)調(diào)查最終經(jīng)常會(huì)導(dǎo)致加征進(jìn)口稅，目的在于增加出口商的銷(xiāo)售成本，保護(hù)本國(guó)產(chǎn) 品的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。雖然很多實(shí)施反傾銷(xiāo)行動(dòng)的國(guó)家宣稱(chēng)他們的行為是合法的，但是無(wú)可否認(rèn)，反 傾銷(xiāo)的根本目的是保護(hù)本國(guó)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力低下的生產(chǎn)者。

美國(guó)的201條款還不同于普通的反傾銷(xiāo)、反補(bǔ)貼措施，它不要求調(diào)查出口國(guó)是否進(jìn)行了 不公平的貿(mào)易活動(dòng)，只要求對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)相關(guān)行業(yè)是否因進(jìn)口增加而受損進(jìn)行調(diào)查即可。這種緊急 保護(hù)措施較普通的反傾銷(xiāo)更隨意，也更為嚴(yán)厲。

結(jié)果，歐盟、日本、韓國(guó)等國(guó)都在世界貿(mào)易組織向美國(guó)提出起訴，并準(zhǔn)備采取緊急保護(hù) 措施。貿(mào)易戰(zhàn)可能會(huì)從鋼鐵擴(kuò)展到其他產(chǎn)業(yè)，而全球貿(mào)易的穩(wěn)定將經(jīng)受新一輪的考驗(yàn)。

答案

World Economy Tested by Trade Protectionism

There were 251 anti-dumping cases put on file throughout the world in 2000, a slightly higher number than the annual average of 232 cases throughout the 1990s. In the single year of 2001, however, the number suddenly rose to a record high of 348, indicating a rapid spread of trade protectionism, an increasingly serious problem in world trade.

Trade protectionism begins to prevail when economic depression occurs. The best proof of this was the U. S. Trade and Tariff Act's Section 201, which was made effective on March 20, 2002, and imposed a 300/o ad valorem duty on imported steel.

Due to structural problems in the domestic steel industry and the negative impact of economic depression in the United States, many U.S. steel producers went bankrupt. For political reasons, the Bush Administration began to rely on its "Steel Stick" to protect the domestic steel industry, a move strongly opposed by many steel-exporting countries.

The United States ranks first in taking anti-dumping cases against other countries, and is followed by Canada, India and the European Union. China is one of the main target countries of anti-dumping actions.

Anti-dumping investigations often end in an increase in duties, with the aim of raising exporters' sales costs to protect the competitiveness of domestic goods. Most countries allege legal validity in their anti-dumping actions. The ultimate purpose, however, is to protect domestic producers that are less competitive.

Section 201 differs from ordinary anti-dumping and anti-subsidy measure in that it does not require an investigation into the alleged unfair trade activities by the exporting country. Instead it only requires an investigation into whether the domestic industry is injured by the increase in imported goods. This protective measure taken in an urgent situation is more random and severe than ordinary anti-dumping actions.

As a result, the European Union, Japan and South Korea have brought accusations against the U.S. to the WTO and are ready to take urgent protective measures. As it is likely that the trade war in the steel industry will spread to other industries, world trade stability will be subject to another round of trials and tribulations.